She whispered Grandfather’s benediction, “Blessed be the bees who do God’s work, and blessed the heather that feeds them.” This particular batch of purple heather was blooming brighter than the rest, and Peregrin knew the hive was close. The impression is that deer levels here are managed to be artificially high to ensure the hunters get a reasonably easy shot. What happened was a HUMAN was cutting his tree down. Blackthorn – tends to do less well the further north you go. The tree and shrub species listed in the chart below are all native to the Midwest and provide many habitat benefits for pollinators. I’ve planted many hazels (40+ and the squirrels have planted more) alongside hawthorn, blackthorn, goat willow, and various other prunus and malus. As a consequence they are smaller than deer that live in woodland (there’s an irony there as hunters prize the largest stags) and in much poorer condition. The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis a beetle native to China, Japan and Korea was introduced into North America in the Great Lakes area in the early 1990's and populations were identified in 2002.It is suspected that this beetle was introduced from ash shipping crates. It’s supposedly deer resistant due to its toxicity. Cried beside the way. Is bee bee tree invasive? I’ve only discovered this strategy recently 7 and will be trying it in a couple of locations. When you think of bees gathering pollen and nectar, you probably imagine a colorful flower bed, filled with annuals and perennials. I usually associate rodent damage to trees with very cold weather – perhaps wrongly – which is not something I need to worry about on the west coast. Collect your own from a known source, grow it on if needed and plant it out. I’m blessed with many in my area and the honey is delicious. Aspen I think I’ve sorted but the blackthorn has been woeful. The flowers are small, fragrant, sometimes tinged with pink or yellow, and extremely attractive to honey bees and other pollinators. Phacelia is good honey plant, provides up to 150 kg of honey per hectare. Best planted at the edge of woodland areas in partial or full sun or as a stand alone specimen tree, the bark is smooth and gray, like beech tree bark. At other sites where we planted in grassy areas I found similar kills on western red cedar plantings. Crocuses In contrast to the relative difficulty of propagating aspen, you have to try hard not to propagate willow. What does UK vaccine approval mean for US? However, I do want my colonies to be strong enough to want to swarm. Lansing is the northern edge of where it can be grown. This was my first season with bees so I am a total beginner and will have no way of measuring if my efforts will make a quantifiable difference but I have been making “alterations” to my croft for a while. Video, Trump 'stoking vast conspiracy' - Georgia official, Toilets: Men’s, Women’s or Gender-Neutral? Despite gean not really flourishing in acid, peaty soil they seem to have established well and are already approaching shoulder height. Scotland is overrun with deer. It’s bad enough seeing trees felled just to clear a bit of space or to tidy things up … but trees you put time, effort and care into is particularly distressing. I can highly recommend the book “Plants for Bees” by Kirk & Howes, which is a rich resource on the value of plants in the UK for bees. Roe and red. They took out a radius of 50-m of trees. In fact these are pretty tough and will be fine in exposed spots including coastal gardens. Chris Reid. It is often sown specifically for bees. That’s the hardiest, but it’s clear that others thrive in the parts of the west coast bathed by the Gulf Stream. .css-8h1dth-Link{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;}.css-8h1dth-Link:hover,.css-8h1dth-Link:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}Read about our approach to external linking. We have no deer near here, thankfully. I’d second the suggestion above to plant tilia. What a terrible shame. Lime honey is always a winner – my Fife bees are in range of some mature trees and when it delivers the honey can’t be bottled fast enough to meet demand. Tree Heather: A Field Guide. I always enjoy your blog, thanks for sharing your experiments with correx especially! The Heather Tree. The bees know what they’re doing! Honey bees forage on dry days in winter when temperatures reach 13ºC (55ºF) or more. Heather – late honey plant, common in the forests. Yes, elder is an option, just not one I’ve got round to yet. Choose single, open flowers where you can see the central part of the flower – where the bees can access the nectar and pollen. The primary nectar source for honey is heather, which doesn’t yield until August. Alder (Alnus glutinosa) produces large amounts of early season pollen. Nectar is a sweet substance that attracts bees, which in turn pollinate plants so they can develop seeds and propagate their species. in stock (shipped in 3-5 working days) Quantity 1 Plus Minus. Do they use plant tubes over there? How do you know if the willow are male or female at the time of purchase? They defined ‘optimum’ in terms of avoiding agricultural damage, while allowing natural regeneration with no necessity for fencing. In addition, the deer are often in lousy condition and/or starve to death in hard winters. There is relatively little poplar around here, and none I could have easily grubbed up the roots from. Like alder, hazel (Corylus avellana) is a good source of early season pollen. Trees for bees; Trees for bees. The purple blaze of heather is becoming a less common sight, as heathlands and moorlands are lost. I’m just about to order some more. E. vagans, in the wild, is found on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall. Rowan we have a’plenty of … I go round the hill digging them up, growing them on a bit and then planting them out where they’ll be protected from the deer. I’m familiar with the spiral tree protectors as we used them in Fife to shield the willow around the apiary. More lists of trees for bees: The Arbor Day Foundation maintains a list of trees that are good for pollinators ; Heather Holm created a lovely table that lists pollinator friendly trees and their bloom time. A foot long, pencil-thick cutting – taken more or less any time of the year – will root very quickly. 1 litre pot £14.99. Thanks for that … what do you recommend for culinary apples? There’s also a beehive in the video above, though it’s tricky to spot. .css-14iz86j-BoldText{font-weight:bold;}Preserving heather in the natural landscape could have benefits for wild bees, according to new research. It’s also the sort of epic-scale ‘gardening’ involving chainsaws and brushcutters, huge bonfires, cubic metres of firewood and lots of digging that I have an affinity for. Covid vaccine: What does UK vaccine approval mean for US? The beautiful blossom of apple trees is perfect for bees, and just as well because in order to bear fruit, they must be pollinated by visiting bees … The dog died of bee stings. Whilst it focuses on Scotland’s trees (the clue is in the title), most grow elsewhere as well, and it’s packed with information. The bees automatically turn towards this plant and make it their habitat. Returning home from our road trip to the Rockies I stopped at the aspen site. The irritating thing is that they cost about 5 times the price of the sapling you’re trying to protect . Mexican heather makes for an excellent … 'I made a ballgown out of 1,400 mangoes' Video, 'I've forgotten most of my school friends' names' Video, 'I've forgotten most of my school friends' names', Why Trump keeps outperforming the polls. The tree grows 15-30 feet with some reaching 50 feet and blooms from mid-July well into August. By Alan Harman, Michigan – For thousands of years, bees have been helping feed people, but now in the face of an onslaught of chemicals and disease, they’re in need of a helping hand.One course of action you can take is growing plants that attract bees. By now they’ll be collecting Himalayan balsam or some other late season nectars. It came down alright, with the bees that were in the tree. Add to Favorites . Partly because they’ll take the longest to grow, so need to go in first, and partly because many of them are excellent sources of early season pollen and nectar. They flower in August and the bees love them. W e’ve seen a lot of press about heater bees lately, but researcher Jurgen Tautz, explained this phenomenon in detail in his 2008 book, The Buzz about Bees.Using temperature-sensitive film, Tautz found that some bees are able to raise their body temperatures about 10 degrees C higher than normal bees by using rapid muscle contractions. VideoToilets: Men’s, Women’s or Gender-Neutral? Crab Apple – should do well. They recommend E. glutinosa, and suggest it should be planted in Spring … actually, I’m misquoting them. Plants for bees – strawberry tree. These developed good root systems and grew better. What happened was a HUMAN was cutting his tree down. There’s a saying that a flowering tree is worth more than a field of wildflowers when it comes to supporting bees. Video. 5 Early Season Plants to Attract Pollinators to Your Garden Have you tried protecting your trees your young trees with tree tubes? The bees found the neighbor’s dog and figured it was the dogs fault. I believe they have several at Inverewe garden. Do bees like bee bee tree plant flowers? Hi Nick … yes, tree tubes, but not enough of them. The primary nectar source for honey is heather, which doesn’t yield until August. They are very popular with bees when they flower and as I’m sure you know can yield a lot of mint-flavoured honey. While it would be advisable to plant native trees to attract pollinating insects as many native pollinating insects have evolved to rely on these when in flower. The box will be stuffed and possibly overflowing with bees; Block the entrance with foam, brushing off any bees that are hanging out the front; Dismantle the colony removing the supers and the old queen’s colony – just so that you can strap and remove the new queen’s colony for the heather; Ayers says the bee-bee tree (Tetradium daniellii or Evodia daniellii in the older literature), an import from Asia, buzzes with bees. Heather Erica vulgaris, though many varieties Shrub 100 - 200 pounds honey Nectar; the pollen granules can be too large for honeybees. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. I’ve initially focused on just six species; alder, hazel, wild cherry (gean), poplar, willow and  blackthorn. Keep this in mind. I’m therefore busy planting trees in some of the areas cleared of rhododendron. I’m still planting and still clearing acres of rhododendron. I’m keen to re-plant with native trees and shrubs. This area is towards the extreme north-west corner of the country and the introduction of a quarter of a million bees (~5 hives) will inevitably impact the pollen and nectar available for the established native pollinating insects. Fortunately, you can do your part for the bees that live in your area without becoming a full blown beekeeper! VideoTrump 'stoking vast conspiracy' - Georgia official. I’ve planted a lot of willow from local trees (probably goat willow, Salix caprea, but they hybridise so freely you can never be certain) and planted it in variously boggy bits of ground, alongside some of the alder. References Top Bar Beekeeping; Les Crowder and Heather Harrel Thank you, Heather. ... Plants for bees – winter heather. Are you looking to give your local bees a much-needed boost? HEATHER ALE . Towns and cities can provide a diverse source of forage in gardens, parks, tree-lined streets and railway sidings if bee-friendly flowers are grown from early spring to … The bee bee tree, also known as Korean evodia (Evodia daniellii syn. Tough Ivy strait-jacket cut away from young ash tree – you can see how this would choke a tree! It also has a couple of general chapters in the beginning written by experts on the general relationship between plants and bees. Native ericas are E. ciliaris, Dorset heath found also in Devon, Cornwall and the west of Ireland, E. cinerea, Bell heather, common on the drier areas of moorland and tetralix, Cross-leaved heath. I’m currently growing loads of gorse seedlings for early season pollen and to build deer-resistant barriers. Planting of trees in urban areas can link them to rural areas with a wider selection of forage available for pollinating insects. We planted the heather near the gate because it has a clumping conformation, with thousands of small flowers which can occupy many bees at once. Try Taynuilt Trees down the road (in Taynuilt), all locally sourced native seed and a good quality seedling. I don’t have the patience for pricking-out and growing on bedding plants, or weeding the herbaceous border . Culinary Apple – try a west coast variety on huge rootstock, put them in the woods and leave them to get on with it! Aspen is one of my most favorite of trees. As a consequence there are many areas with no natural tree regeneration without installing expensive and intrusive fencing. However, willow is so easy that there’s little point in buying it. Have you considered Eucryphia? In addition, to properly protect from red deer they need to be 1.5m or more in height, which starts to look a bit intrusive. Of these I’ll skip over the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). Planting a diverse array of flowers for bees has been shown to help bee colonies thrive and stay healthy. There’s probably no oil seed rape within 50 miles. They respond well to being pruned and like other heathers, their flowers are loved by bees. Did Brexit speed up the UK's vaccine approval? Bees also need pollen in their diet. Heather honey has is not suitable for feeding bees during the winter. They’ll need a bit more protection next year but after that the growth should be out of reach of even the largest red deer. The home owner ran with the bees right after him. Heather: Grows in the month of September to May, Heather is a native evergreen shrub. common except for the Midlands. Bees are attracted to plants that produce nectar and pollen. 175. All were protected from deer using conical tripod style excluders. One or two of the crofts on the coast might grow a bit of barley or wheat, but the few fields tend to be used for grazing and hay production. The simple answer is you don’t. Poplar is wind pollinated and the bees probably only get a little pollen from it. Emerald ash borer beetle larva burrow through the outer bark of ash trees, Fraxinus spp. A small tree or tall shrub that provides lots of late season flowers which bees seem to like. Has long bloom. Trees need continuity, these lost theirs. Reid’s Nursery. ... Eucryphia is a fabulous tree for the bees. I don’t think I was aware it’s unpalatable to deer. The king rode and was angry, Black was his brow and pale, To rule in a land of heather; And lack the heather ale. The person who told you they would go away should have informed you that there is also a good chance the bees may stay. Lavender (Lavendula) 50 Bumble Bee. The deer are hunted here, but it does not keep the numbers down sufficiently. Toilets: Men’s, Women’s or Gender-Neutral? © 2020 BBC. The Best Trees for Bees September 4, 2017 2:56 pm Redbuds are one of the best small landscape trees for feeding bees!. Time will tell if there is a shortage of pollen and if my bees thrive. Some emerge from hibernation as early as … The gean that went in as tiny whips are now growing out of the top of their protective tubes. This includes ensuring that their charges do not impact negatively on the native wildlife. Grandfather had always liked heather honey the best, and it was Peregrin’s favorite too. Other common names alpine tree heather . Anyway, the state is working hard to restore wetlands either destroyed by clear cutting & farming or strip-mining coal. They are sun loving, drought tolerant and fast growing. Title: TreesShrubsPoster.indd Created Date: 2/1/2015 5:32:06 PM How much can I effect honey production by altering / improving the local environment? Toilets: Men’s, Women’s or Gender-Neutral? 3.5 cups sugar. Good luck with your heather beekeeping, David. Chinese Privet A late flowering non-native tree, providing a valuable source of Autumn nectar. I wanted to hear more, so I called Heather to talk about how we can each support native bees, especially, in our gardens beyond the season of bloom, in the offseason, too. Deer are not naturally a moorland species. The fact I needed to buy barerooted trees probably reflects the fact that the squirrels get most of the nuts, and those that do germinate are then eaten by the deer. Aconite. ~R.L. It can give a bonanza crop some years. This would also ensure that there’s enough food for the deer during the winter months. Also, is sambucus an option up there? However, willow is a favourite of deer and the cuttings I’ve planted have periodically been hammered by both red and roe deer. The hunting (or ‘stalking’ as it’s called here) is private and managed. Family Ericaceae . You see, it is a myth that bees will always leave a tree and go somewhere else. 3.5 cups malt extract. Finally, poplar are susceptible to a rust or fungus called Melampsora, and the bees collect the spores if they need protein and there’s no pollen to be found. An established a beehive in a tree trunk can consist of up to 20,000 bees.Is upset these bees, especially if they are not the gentle, honeybees that are quietly minding their own business. The pollen and nectar sources available to bees depend upon the time of the year and the area of the country. 5000 native trees went in 6 years ago, 800 more will go in this winter (this time chosen with bees in mind). I appreciate the “fill-in” they provide when other sources stop flowering. Delighted you enjoy the Correx … fabulous stuff . Bird Cherry – also does well and my 5yo trees flowered quite well this year. When a selection of native and non-native trees are planted in gardens, housing estates or parks many insects can benefit, but it is important to select a tree that will be suitable for the area. It’s terrible for wildlife. Native bees, most of which are solitary nesters, need warmer weather to begin pollinating, and typically do not emerge until spring. Comment document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id","a92ca1442d53788760113ab81d472756");document.getElementById("c25a6bb7f9").setAttribute("id","comment"); Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Tree heathers. The long-term plan is to coppice the alder – it makes good firewood when properly dried. All pollinating insects including Bumblebees, Solitary Bees and Honey Bees require forage from early spring through to late autumn, and native trees, such as willow, hazel, provide early sources of pollen when few plants are in flower. The more different types of flowers you can plant the better! The reason it’s not capped is almost certainly because it’s still unripe i.e. Both wild and managed bee populations have been in decline for the last 25 years, but since 2007 the loss of bees … It’s of great interest. A simple solution to a serious problem. Lavender Lavandula angustifolia, and many other species and varieties Perennial 70 - 120 pounds honey; Then you notice that there are more trees and more bees, wasps, and flies. Was there a reason for not including them? Honey bees forage on dry days in winter when temperatures reach 13ºC (55ºF) or more. If you visit the Scottish highlands you’ll be familiar with the site of small burns cascading down gulleys in the hillside. Perhaps as a consequence of this there are a very large number of bumble bees about. All are an excellent source of nectar for bees. Very useful. It likes highly acidic soil with a pH level of around 4.5-6. The tree typically grows to an average of 15 feet tall and has an open canopy giving it a graceful appearance. Trees – in this case providing shelter from the westerlies – and bees, It goes without saying, since I’m spending so much time here, I now have bees here . However, even after some decline, the Polish census of 1827 recorded over 70,000 tree hives. The life-changing exam that won't stop for a pandemic, 'I made a ballgown out of 1,400 mangoes' Video'I made a ballgown out of 1,400 mangoes', 'I've forgotten most of my school friends' names' Video'I've forgotten most of my school friends' names', How Brexit will change your holidays in 2021, It's nearly now or never for UK-EU trade deal, Why Trump keeps outperforming the polls. We are also polluted with deer but hunting season mostly keeps them in check. Heather – late honey plant, common in the forests. The selection of trees by residential associations, Tidy town committees, developers and county councils usually does not consider their usefulness to pollinating insects but but are planted for ascetics and what is available in local nurseries. HEATHER HOLM is a horticulturist and biologist who takes part in native bee research projects and informs and educates audiences in the Midwest and Northeast about the fascinating world of native bees and the native plants that support them. The following spring I had 20% or so mortality. As they collect their food they pollinate the plants, allowing them to reproduce. Planting trees for bees is a great way to help pollinators. https://www.conwybeekeepers.org.uk/new-beekeepers/heather-honey/, RHS suggest that they show a ‘good degree of resistance’ to deer. We planted lots of goat willow and mixed hedging around our research apiary in Fife in early 2018. Gean, like rowan 5, is also great for the birds and the thrushes will probably get the majority of the fruit that sets. There on the ground and leveled were 4-5 m tall aspen I planted 12-years ago. Phacelia is good honey plant, provides up to 150 kg of honey per hectare. It came down alright, with the bees that were in the tree. A ‘big’ willow cutting – there’s a game trail 2m from this that’s used every night. With your help we can plant more trees and create more future homes for wildlife. I’d like to help the bees get through the lean parts of the season, so that they’re strong enough for queen rearing and for the heather. Don’t get me wrong, I love deer … particularly braised slowly with a good quality, full-bodied red and winter vegetables. Thanks Tim … I’ve dropped him an email. Trees are an important, stable source of food for bees and other pollinators providing thousands of flower heads all in one place. Lime trees and the strawberry tree also contained the … It’s a tough life. Your email address will not be published. In my opinion, apple is their favorite. It is often sown specifically for bees. It’s hardy, grows relatively quickly and is a great summer nectar source. It’s awash with wildlife; pine marten, eagles, crossbills and the elusive Scottish wildcat 1. Q. A tree that’s comfortable in its environment is much more likely to be a healthy tree. Get a gun. To protect similar trees form damage we placed spiral plastic bands around the stems at the base. Not all beautifully tall trees but enough to sicken you. This is essential as we’re inundated with the %$&@£)^% things. feral In California, spring-blooming plant with repeat bloom, fall bloom provides nectar for bees for overwintering. It has lots of good advice about collecting seed and planting, but also has details of uses for trees and folklore. Heather is a small plant known scientifically as Calluna vulgaris, or more commonly ling heather. The standard way to propagate poplar is by root cuttings. Ideally a cooker? The noise is deafening. The bees didn’t expect or enjoy the trip to the ground. Heather’s Facebook page, Restoring the Landscape; Heather’s website, including bee-related reference materials, plus downloadable posters, and more; On the Houzz website, Heather has posted columns about small carpenter bees, and mining bees, and sweat bees, for example The flowers are briefly showy but not hugely attractive, either to me or to bees – whether wild or managed. About 50% of the big cuttings I’ve planted have apparently rooted. A colony that fails to build up well early in the season will struggle to reproduce i.e. Think of it as a small tree in a shrub’s body. The bees found the neighbor’s dog and figured it was the dogs fault. Primrose: Growing in March, April and May Primrose are woodland flowers and provides a perfect shady bank to honey bees to pollinate and provide nectar. You can recapitulate this by so-called sabre planting 6. In this you plant trees of 1m+ height perpendicular on slopes of at least 40°. Trees can be quite independent, only needing tender loving care for … Uranium enrichment would increase to 20% with UN inspectors blocked, if sanctions are not eased. We sell a number of ornamental "trees for bees", many of which are recommended by the The British Beekeepers' Association because of their value as nectar and/or pollen sources for bees generally - not just honeybees (we've also included the spectacular Foxglove Tree, for example, specifically for bumblebees). With no agriculture to speak of there are also no pesticides. All varieties are very good. I have less than zero experience with heather honey – other than on toast – so have a lot to learn. The cell-grown saplings I received, which are going in this winter, are derived from trees on the Isle of Arran. We still need a windbreak, but even that can probably be dispensed with in a year or so. I enjoy shoe-horning significant numbers of pollen bearing trees into all afforestation schemes, and then putting my bees in there…Good luck with the rhodo campaign . I particularly like the recommendation to “put them in the woods and leave them to get on with it.”. Willow is generally dioecious (male or female) and you need to plant male trees for the pollen. A tree is not just bark and branches - it's a home for all the wildlife that inhabits it. I’m not expecting to influence honey production, at least not directly. That is very much my sort of gardening. Just a point of interest. However, forewarned is forearmed … I’ll keep an eye on the trees and add some protection to the base of the tree if needed. What is a bee bee tree? I have heard that a honey bee can smell an apple tree in bloom from about 1/4 mile away. The bees will enthusiastically exploit what’s available, but will struggle if there’s a dearth of either. 28.5 pints water OK, in terms of specifics, not beekeeping. I wanted to hear more, so I called Heather to talk about how we can each support native bees, especially, in our gardens beyond the season of bloom, in the offseason, too. They worked well. David, first opportunity to see this post. Medicinal shrub. Eucryphia is a fabulous tree for the bees. tree heather. Gean – actually does really well in our acid soils. The true heaths offer an amazing range of foliage and bloom color, well beyond the pinks of the heathers; they also come in taller shrub forms and even some small trees. You’re in a lovely part of the world. Native bees, most of which are solitary nesters, need warmer weather to begin pollinating, and typically do not emerge until spring. – I’m fortunate in that my croft is at the top of a tiny glen so it is a fairly controlled environment. The combination of a major fire in my research institute the following year, and Covid this year, meant that the trees have been just left to get on with it. OH MY! Since willow hybridises so easily you can get varieties that flower at different times. "Understanding which plants are needed to maintain a healthy balance between bees and their parasites can help us restore habitats that maximise bee health," said Prof Mark Brown from Royal Holloway. Then why not give them a tree! Watch out for their webs underneath the leaves. Scotland is a wonderful country. The best trees for honey bees offer a great source of nectar and pollen, continuing to be productive for decades. Currants & gooseberries are fairly native and should thrive (if you can keep the deer off them). I have several varieties in my garden in North Wales. The area shown in a picture (above), now cleared of rhododendron, has been planted with hazel. The next time you choose a tree to plant in your yard, at a school, or in a park, consider planting a native flowering tree that bees will love to visit. Not all the trees have thrived, but I’m more than satisfied considering the neglect they received. I know it’s been a while, but we are into peak planting season now. They flower in August and the bees … I used empty plastic soda bottles in Nepal to do the same in an apple orchard. At least the bits I can influence …. Yes, we use plant tubes here to protect them from the deer. How to grow plants for bees. If you are interested more generally in the history, uses and planting of woodlands it’s probably worth reading all 16,452 pages (a slight exaggeration, but it is a magnum opus) of Oliver Rackham’s Woodlands which is a masterpiece. This list includes over fifty types that you can plant for bees through all the seasons. Required fields are marked *. And the bees hummed, and the curlews. However, I’m going to have to try again as the bareroot whips I planted last winter have done almost nothing. Rowan – no idea how good it is for nectar and pollen but it grows well everywhere. I could choose to avoid the latter by ‘not beekeeping’, but I’ve instead chosen to try and improve the resources available in the environment. i recommend Burncoose Nurseries for eucryphias. ... melissa balm, thyme, heather, sunflowers, borage, poppy, rudbeckia, lavender, catnip, mint, sage, coriander (cilantro There is already a lot along the banks of nearby streams and in boggy areas at the side of the loch, so I know it will do well in this area. They prove to be popular with bees. The slope makes the growing tips less accessible and they gradually grow out and away, straightening up as they do. If you have space to include a tree or shrub, it can make more of an impact than adding bulbs and flowers. Lime trees and the strawberry tree also contained the "medicine" but at lower levels.